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MOTIVATION

- Why do we plan challenging goals, knowing that it will require huge efforts?

- What drives us out of our comfort zone?

- What comes to our mind when we think: "Why the hell I am doing all this"?

- What makes us continue when we are considering to give up?

Motivation can come from different sources: 

Fo two employees that are working hard, one could be motivated more by the salary (extrinsic motivation), while the other could be motivated more by the satisfaction that the task provides (intrinsic motivation).

In the past, scientific theories have opposed extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Nowadays, more recent models have evaluated motivational theory as a continuum (Ryan & Deci (2000):

Amotivation       Extrinsic Motivation                    intrinsic Motivation

​

Amotivation                          External       Introjected       Identified        Integrated      - Knowledge

                                                                                                                                              - Accomplishment

                                                                                                                                              - Stimulation

Amotivation

When people simply don't want to act. Amotivation results from not valuing an activity (Ryan, 1995), not feeling competent to do it (Bandura, 1986), or not expecting it to yield the desired outcome (Seligman, 1975). 

 

Extrinsic Motivation.

From the most extrinsic regulation to the most intrinsic regulation:

 

External

To satisfy an external demand or reward contingency.

ex: I play to please my mum or to earn a prize.

 

Introjected

To avoid guilt or anxiety. It could be also ego involvement.

ex:  I play to show my own abilities (or to avoid failure) in order maintain my feelings of worth (deCharms, 1968; Nicholls, 1984; Ryan, 1982).

 

Identified

To value consciously a behavioral goal or regulation, such that the action is personally important. 

ex: I play because I know that playing is a good thing for me.

 

Integrated

To assimilate the identified regulation so the behavior is congruent with one's sense of self.

ex: I play because I am a player, it is a part of who I am.

 

intrinsic Motivation

To take part in an activity for the enjoyment of the knowledge, the accomplishment and/or the stimulation that it provides.

ex: I play because it makes me feel good.

 

Benefits of intrinsic motivation

A study has shown that there are positive outcomes associated with more internalized motivation in physical exercise (Chatzisarantis, Biddle, & Meek, 1997), but also in others domains such as environmental activism, religion or political activity.

The benefits to greater internalization include more behavioral effectiveness, greater persistence, enhanced subjective well-being, and better assimilation of the individual within his or her social group (Ryan & Deci, 2000).

 

Note:

People can have several motivations and the motivation can also vary through time.

A typical case: a young athlete enjoys very much his sport (intrinsic motivation). As he practices a lot, he improves greatly, and reaches finally the top level where factors such as pressure, competition, financial rewards and glory, can change the purpose of his practice from intrinsic motivations to extrinsic ones.

 

How to FACILITATE intrinsic motivation?

In their study, Ryan & Deci (2000) found that conditions supportive of autonomy and competence reliably facilitated the development of intrinsic motivation.

It seems also that contexts supportive of autonomy, competence, and relatedness foster better internalization and integration than contexts that thwart satisfaction of these needs.

 

​

 

 

motivation Booster

TIPS

 

 

✓ hyperbolic discounting

Sometimes we choose to procrastinate because we don't see the rewards that provide a challenging goal for smart little choices that we make in our everyday life.

Hyperbolic discounting is a cognitive bias which means that we tend to choose rather an immediate reward than a reward got later even if the reward is bigger: 

- Most people choose to get 100€ now, rather than 110€ in a week. 

But this is true for a certain amount of reward or time:

- Most people choose to get 2000€ in one week than 100€ now.

- Most people choose to get 110€ in one year and one week than 100€ in one year.

 

How to cope?

Imagine the future you. How you'd like to be?

This mental projection enhances the motivation to do small efforts towards our goal.

But in another hand, being too strict can prevent to reach this goal. Resting time, pleasure and comfort, are also important for the mental energy in order to keep life in balance.

 

 

✓ GOAL SETTING

- Setting appropriated goals

- Making an action plan to reach them (list of tasks that needed to be done)

- Reading it before doing the tasks

This mindset has a positive effect on motivation because it prepares the brain to achieve the goal.

In fact, it directs the effort towards the objective and increases the intensity of the effort to reach it.

 

 

✓ Environment

- Have you ever realized how interacting with some people gives us energy while interacting with other take it from us?

Being surrounded by inspiring and supporting people help to set challenging goals and increase motivation.

 

-  Have you ever realized how your working space could affect your mood?

Working in a positive atmosphere such as a comfortable, colorful and peaceful space help to concentrate and to keep a positive attitude and therefore, motivation.

 

 

✓ Body language

By adjusting our posture consciously we will affect our motivation:

 

- A study found out that body postures can influence the motivation and ability of individuals to think in self-unrelated domains: in their experiment, Riskind and Gotay (1982) show that slumped-over (relative to upright) physical posture reduced the amount of thinking dedicated to various cognitive tasks.

 

- Another study has shown that holding a high power pose (vs. a low power pose) has caused advantaged and adaptive psychological, physiological, and behavioral changes. These changes include the testosterone levels (associated with confidence) and decreases the cortisol levels (associated with stress).


 

✓ Music

Music increases greatly motivation. In fact, it stimulates sympathetic nervous system and increases the level of physical excitability: our heart beat faster and we want to move. Music has also positive effects on performance, especially when synchronized.

Some studies have shown that synchronous music improved performance in motoric tasks (Karageorghis & al., 2009; Simpson &  Karageorghis, 2006; Terry, Karageorghis, Mecozzi Saha, & D'Auria, 2012.)

Furthermore, an analysis of more than 70,000 tracks of popular music until 1990 have revealed that 120bpm is the most prevalent tempo (MacDougall & Moore, 2005)

Van der Vlist, Bartneck, and Maüeler (2011) have created an add-on music system to the Nike Plus interface called MoBeat.

MoBeat is able to adapt the musical tempo to synchronize with the cycling pace and gives instructions in order to adjust the speed as appropriate. The results showed that the system had increased the participants’ intrinsic motivation and attentional focus. 

 

Personally, I'm listening Radio Meuh

The music played is funky electro vibes from all over the world. It gives me energy. I always discover original tracks. I don't need to change the tunes. There are no ads. and it's free of charge!

 

 

✓ seeing green

Researchers found that the color green enhances motivation but also mood, self-esteem, and enjoyment. So, apart from the benefits of being surrounded by nature (noise free, oxygen provided by the trees), here is another reason to hit forest tracks.

 

Furthermore, a study published in the journal Environmental Science and Technology has shown that green may contribute to the mental benefits of exercising in the great outdoors.

 

 

✓ SLEEP

Some people think that sleep is a waste of time. But sleep deprivation can have a huge effect on health, and performance.

Being rested and full of energy help to keep a high level of motivation

 

Here are some solutions to improve quality sleep:

- Analyzing how much time of sleep is good for us and organizing ourselves to get it.

- Going to sleep early.

- Reducing the use of electronic devices at least 1h before (reading a book instead).

- Eating warm and enough food (but not too much) at least 2h before going to bed.

- Turning off phones, using earplugs and making sure the room is dark enough.

- Using relaxation techniques in bed.

- If there is a lack of sleep, making a nap (20 mins max) restore efficiently brain functions.

 

 

✓ eat chocolate

Chocolate boost the level of dopamine which increases motivation.

Furthermore, chocolate increases serotonin (associated with calm) and phenylethylamine (associated with stimulation) and have also antidepressant effect. 

 

Other dopamine natural sources are: almonds, apples, avocados, bananas, beets, coffee, fava beans, green leafy vegetables, green tea, lima beans, oatmeal, olive oil, oregano, peanuts, probiotics (yogurt, kefir), rosemary, sea vegetables, sesame and pumpkin seeds, soy products, turmeric, watermelon, wheat germ.

 

✓ Words of a champion

Professional triathlete Darby Thomas, give advices to find motivation: understanding why we do each training, understanding that not all day will be fun, don't expect perfection and be patient because good days happen.

REFERENCES

 

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Carney, D. R., Cuddy, A. J., & Yap, A. J. (2010). Power posing: Brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance. Psychological science, 21(10), 1363-1368.

Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Biddle, S. J. H., & Meek, G. A. (1997). A self-determination theory approach to the study of intentions and the intention-behaviour relationship in children's physical activity. British Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 343-360. 

deCharms, R. (1968). Personal causation. New York: Academic Press. 

Karageorghis, C.I., Mouzourides, D., Priest, D.L., Sasso, T., Morrish, D.and Whalley, C. 2009. Psychophysical and ergogenic effects of synchronous music during treadmill walking. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31: 18–36. 

MacDougall, H.G., and Moore, S.T.2005. Marching to the beat of the same drummer: The spontaneous tempo of human locomotion. Journal of Applied Physiology, 99: 1164–1173. 

Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91, 328-346.

Riskind, J.H., & Gotay, C.C. (1982). Physical posture: Could it have regulatory or feedback effects on motivation and emotion? Motivation and Emotion, 6, 273–298

Ryan, R. M. (1982). Control and information in the intrapersonal sphere: An extension of cognitive evaluation theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 450-461. 

Ryan, R. M. (1995). Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes. Journal of Personality, 63, 397-427. 

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist, 55(1), 68.

Simpson, S.D. and Karageorghis, C.I.2006. The effects of synchronous music on 400-m sprint performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24: 1095–1102.

Terry, P.C., Karageorghis, C.I. , Mecozzi Saha, A., & D'Auria, S.2012.  Effects of synchronous music on treadmill running among elite triathletes.  Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2011.06.003

Van der Vlist, B., Bartneck, C. and Mäueler, S. 2011. moBeat: Using interactive music to guide and motivate users during aerobic exercising. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 36: 135–145.

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